约翰·密尔《论自由》(Google Books)第二段用了一个比喻来反映现实世界里统治者与被统治者之间的矛盾关系。
《商务印书馆》的翻译是这样写的:在一个群体当中,为了保障较弱成员免遭无数鸷鹰的戕贼,就需要一个比余员都强的贼禽受任去压服它们。但这个鹰王之喜戕其群并不亚于那些较次的食物,于是这个群体又不免经常处于须要防御鹰王爪牙的状态。
这里,鸷鹰、贼禽、鹰王的英文都是 Vulture,意为秃鹫。爪牙的英文则是 harpies,可能翻译成“鹰身女妖”也可以,当然写出“爪牙”更容易让人可以理解密尔比喻的意思。
英文原文如下:
To prevent the weaker members of the community from being preyed upon by innumerable vultures, it was needful that there should be an animal of prey stronger than the rest, commissioned to keep them down. But as the king of the vultures would be no less bent upon preying on the flock than any of the minor harpies, it was indispensable to be in a perpetual attitude of defence against his beak and claws.
《商务印书馆》的翻译是这样写的:在一个群体当中,为了保障较弱成员免遭无数鸷鹰的戕贼,就需要一个比余员都强的贼禽受任去压服它们。但这个鹰王之喜戕其群并不亚于那些较次的食物,于是这个群体又不免经常处于须要防御鹰王爪牙的状态。
这里,鸷鹰、贼禽、鹰王的英文都是 Vulture,意为秃鹫。爪牙的英文则是 harpies,可能翻译成“鹰身女妖”也可以,当然写出“爪牙”更容易让人可以理解密尔比喻的意思。
英文原文如下:
To prevent the weaker members of the community from being preyed upon by innumerable vultures, it was needful that there should be an animal of prey stronger than the rest, commissioned to keep them down. But as the king of the vultures would be no less bent upon preying on the flock than any of the minor harpies, it was indispensable to be in a perpetual attitude of defence against his beak and claws.
按照一种阐释,世间有很多秃鹫(猛禽),人们为了自己的安全而让一只强有力的秃鹫(鹰王、秃鹫之王)通过压制住其他秃鹫和猛禽(包括 Harpies),来保护自己,使这个强者成为统治者。不过,秃鹫之王对弱者的危害,并不亚于这些 Harpies。所以不可避免的情形是,人们对秃鹫的利爪(危害)要永远持有一种防卫心态。
紧接着,密尔道出两种办法对统治者的权力进行限制。第一种,就是为反叛的正当性设定规则,统治者一旦违反,反击就是正义的行为。第二种则是一种宪法制衡(constitutional checks),人民的同意,或者人民的代表的同意,是统治者治权发挥作用的前提条件。
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